Name: People aged 15 and older with higher education per 1,000 (1989)

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Description: The main objective of this project is to provide a spatial analysis of civil resistance in Soviet Ukraine, using the case of the 1990 student hunger strike. The student strike, also known as the Revolution on the Granite, was held in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from October 2 to October 17, 1990, a few weeks after the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine. To propel regime change, students advanced five demands: (1) the administration of multiparty parliamentary elections no later than spring 1991, (2) the rejection of a union treaty preserving the Soviet Union, (3) the nationalization of the Communist Party property, (4) the return of Ukrainian draftees to the territory of Ukraine, and (5) the resignation of Vitaly Masol, chair of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine. Students set up tents on the granite-covered October Square, later renamed into Independence Square (Maidan Nezalezhnosti) or simply the Maidan, and stayed there until they extracted some concessions from the government. To display solidarity with students, ordinary citizens from all over the country sent telegrams to the striking committee in Kyiv. Based upon the analysis of the spatial distribution of the telegrams, the project finds that ethnicity, language, and region of residence (oblast) are the strongest determinants of mass support for a student hunger strike against the communist government in Soviet Ukraine. Ukrainian-speaking ethnic Ukrainians in the western part of the country displayed greater support for striking students. Opposition to the communist government was also higher in rural areas and oblasts with a higher proportion of the population under 14. These findings have implications for the analysis of more recent anti-government protests in post-communist Ukraine, including the Orange Revolution of 2004 and the EuroMaidan of 2013-2014. More broadly, the results demonstrate the salience of cultural factors in explaining popular opposition to a non-democratic regime.

Copyright Text: Olena Nikolayenko, Department of Political Science, Fordham University; Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University

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Fields:

• OBJECTID ( type: esriFieldTypeOID, alias: OBJECTID )
• Shape ( type: esriFieldTypeGeometry, alias: Shape )
• ID_1 ( type: esriFieldTypeInteger, alias: ID_1 )
• Name_Oblast ( type: esriFieldTypeString, alias: Name_Oblast, length: 150 )
• Oblast_Ukr ( type: esriFieldTypeString, alias: Oblast_Ukr, length: 50 )
• edu_pop ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: People aged 15 and older with higher education per 1,000 (1989) )
• stud_pop_in1000 ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Higher education students, in thousands (1989-1990) )
• wages ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Average monthly wages for workers and civil servants in Soviet rubles (1989) )
• food ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Survey respondents who selected 'food shartages'' as the most urgent problem (percentage), n=14,400 (1989) )
• family_fin ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Survey respondents who selected 'family financial situation' as the most urgent problem (percentage), n=14,400 (1989) )
• social_justice ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Survey respondents who selected 'social justice' as the most urgent problem (percentage), n=14,400 (1989) )
• com_party_members ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Communist party membership (Jan. 1, 1989) )
• rukh_delegs ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Rukh Assembly delegates (1990) )
• Shape_Length ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Shape_Length )
• Shape_Area ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Shape_Area )
• edu_pop_percent_oblast ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: People with higher education aged 15 and older as a percentage of the oblast's actual population, 1989 )
• stud_pop_percent_oblast ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Higher education students for 1989-1990, as a percentage of the oblast's actual population )
• com_party_member_percent_oblast_ ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Communist party membership effective of January 1, 1989 ("chleny partii"), as a percentage of the oblast's adult population (1989 census) )
• rukh_delegates_percent_oblast ( type: esriFieldTypeDouble, alias: Number of delegates to the 1990 Rukh Assembly, as a percentage of the oblast's adult population (1989 census) )

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